The trouble is, it's really hard to tell just how badly Henry VIII of England might react to losing her at this time. At this point, they've been together, in a celibate, monogamous relationship, for 6 years. Anne Boleyn wasn't some replacement wife to him, she was his everything at this point, and to lose her right before, in his mind, they had it all, is going to destroy the King of England emotionally and spiritually, and I don't see how that is going to end well for anyone. Logically, he should probably go back to Katherine and make amends, but will he?
Depending on the date she dies, he very well might go through with the divorce anyway. Hell, if he does, I can see him being taken a lot more seriously by the rest of the world. Once no one can excuse him by focusing on Anne Boleyn, then they have to come to some new conclusion, and in this scenario, yes, I can definitely see the Pope possibly granting an annulment after the fact, and if that happens, I can see Henry doing something a little crazy, like demanding that Anne Boleyn be coronated post-death and given the rights of a King's Consort and Queen of England.
This probably wouldn't go well, but now we have to look at something else: what happens with Katherine and Mary. If the Pope goes back and gives Henry what he wants now the Boleyn woman is gone, suddenly they're, for all intents and purposes, a former mistress and her bastard daughter. Granted, the marriage was in good faith, so Mary should be okay in the legitimacy area, but it's going to sting to ultimately lose the battle. However, if the Pope sticks to his guns, Henry is not going to welcome them back with open arms, and he certainly won't be marry Mary off in case he doesn't have a son. She'll stay right where she was at the time, maybe upgrading or downgrading her establishment based on how the King feels at any one time.
Katherine is not being forgiven. She is the reason Henry and Anne didn't get their happy ending, in Henry VIII of England's eyes, and no matter what diplomacy calls for, Henry is not going to stomach her presence, or for her to enjoy life. He could be a very bitter, nasty man, and in this scenario, it's going to come out in full force. Katherine probably stays in The More or wherever she was in late 1532, and will most likely die there. She isn't going to come to court, she isn't going to see her daughter again, and she certainly isn't going to be allowed the honour meant for the Queen.
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, meanwhile, is not going to barter with Henry at this time. At this point, he's very family oriented, it wouldn't be until later that he became harsher with relations. There's a reason Mary of Austria was allowed to remain a widow, and a reason why he stood by Katherine of Aragon through all of this, despite the fact there was plenty of precedent for putting aside Queens who had not brought forth heirs. No Hapsburg Princess is going to marry the King of England during a time when his aunt is alive.
So, in conclusion: Henry VIII is going to be in mourning for ages, and is not about to make amends with the rest of the world now his precious Anne is dead, Katherine and Mary are in a bad position, and the Emperor is not going to support the annulment now.