This Scenario is part one from,
"Roman Empire Series."
World Rome One.
"The Great War"
Created By Timothy Fowlkes. 2001.
clockworks86@aol.com
June 28, 1914--This is an alternate timeline of World War I. In a world where the Roman Empire did not fall. The ancient Egyptian Dynasty is a protectorate of the British Empire, and the Ottoman Empire is in it's declining years. The Central Powers has decided on a path of conquest to establish an Empire for itself, but is it too late? The Russian Empire has decided to be the savior of the Slav people, but Bolsheviks vow to seize power and save the Russian people from dispair and decay.. The United Kingdom and France have formed an alliance with Russia, "The Triple Entente". . The Roman Empire dreams of the day when their Empire can see the Glory Of The Past. They wait for the days they can move their forces into position to gain the Empire that once was. America and the the lesser Europeon nations have decided on neutrality for the time being. What will happen? Will Germany rise? Will Rome fall?
Please email comments to clockworks86@aol.com
A year with an asterik (*) indicates where the history of the world has changed from our reailty.
ALTERNATE TIMELINE.
31 BC* Battle Of Actium- With the end of the five-year term of the Second Triumvirate, a rivalry broke out between Mark Antony and Octavian. Mark Antony was discredited by Octavian for his marriage to Cleopatra. Octavian successfully convinced the Senate that Mark Antony's actions were a danger to Rome, and they allied with him against Antony. A naval battle broke out at Actium off Epirus in Western Greece. Although the battle results were not decisive, Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt, where Antony's army became victorius.Octavian committed suicide. Antony and Cleopatra made peace with Rome. Mark Antony is crowned emperor when he returns to Rome, and becomes Caesar Antonious.
9 AD German Tribes Destroy 3 Roman Legions- Three Roman legions under the command of P Quinctilius Varnus were defeated by a German army led by Ariminus. The battle took place in the Teutoburg Forest, and resulted in Varnus committing suicide.The results of this battle ensured German independence from Rome.
51 AD* Conquest Of Wales Completed By Romans- The Romans under Ostorius Scaopula defeated Carctacus of Wales. This eventually led to the complete subjugation of Wales to the Romans twenty years later. But suffered a humiliating defeat by the army of Boadicea preventing Rome from moving deep into Britain.
54 AD* Claudius Thwarts An Assassination Attempt By Nero,- According to legend, Claudius was nearly assassinated by his wife Agrippina using poisoned mushrooms. Agrippina had plan to arrange for her son, Nero, to become Emperor. But the plan was uncovered and Agrippina and Nero were crucified for treason.
167 AD German Tribes Invades Northern Italy- The German tribes crossed the Danube River and attacked the Roman Empire. They advanced as far as Aquileia in Northern Italy. The Romans under Marcus Aurelius managed to repulse the Germans in
169 A.D.
235 AD* The Roman Army On Rhine Revolts - Alexander Severus the Roman Emperor conducted an indecisive campaign against the Germanic tribes. Alexander Severus' troops revolted and attempted to kill him. Alexander Severus escapes to Rome, became the new emperor.
287* AD Aurelius Carausius Revolts-Aurelius Carausius, commander of the Roman fleet in the English Channel, revolted. He established England as an independent kingdom of Britain. All Roman Legions were withdrawn after Britain gained independence. Rome never reinvaded.
.
378 AD Valens Killed by Visigoths- After their defeat by the Huns, the Visigoths sought refuge in the Roman Empire. The Roman emperor Valens gave them permission to cross the Danube as long as they agreed to disarmament. In the end, the Visigoths were mistreated by Roman officials and they revolted. At the Battle at Adrianople, the Visigoths deployed mounted cavalry against the Romans. The Romans were soundly defeated by the Visigoths and Valens was killed. This represented one of the worst defeats ever suffered by the Romans. The northern borders of the Empire had been permanently pierced.
410 AD The Roman Empire Is Divided Into East And West.- After a series of battles that continued sporadically for over ten years, the Visigoths under the command of Alaric, sacked Rome in August 410 A.D. For twelve days, Alaric and his men rained ruin upon the city.
476 AD* Western Roman Empire Nearly Ends- The Western Roman Empire nearly came to an end when the Emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed by German mercenaries at Ravenna. The German mercenaries then declared themselves to be the rulers of Italy but were defeated by the Byzantine Empire (Formerly Eastern Rome) and Romulus Augustulus was put back on the throne.
486 AD Roman Occupation Of Gaul Ends- The last Roman emperor of France was defeated by Clovis I, King of the Salian Franks. After the defeat of the Romans, Clovis established the Kingdom of the Franks later to be called France.
503 - 557 AD Persian-Roman Wars- Between 503 and 557 A.D.,three successive wars -- interrupted by periods of peace -- are fought between the Persian Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. All have the same basic cause -- an inability to define the borders and the relationship between the two empires. In 567 a 'definitive' peace was reached. Under its terms, Rome agreed to pay the Persians 30,000 pieces of gold annually. The borders between the empire were reaffirmed, Christian worship was to be protected in the Persian Empire, and regulation of trade and diplomatic relations were laid out.
622 AD Forced To Flee Mecca -The town elders of Mecca initially opposed the teachings of Mohammed. They forced him to flee to Medina. His flight became known as the Hegira.
630 AD Mecca Falls - Muhammad- Muhammed organized the commonwealth of Islam in and around Mecca. A series of battles was fought between Mecca and Medina. Under the Treaty of Hudaybiya, Muhammad's followers were finally given the right to undertake pilgrimages to Mecca. But when this right was denied them, they took control of the city.
632 AD First Islamic Caliphate- Muhammed died in 632 A.D. Abu Bakr became the first Caliph or 'agent of the prophet'. He brings rebellious Arab tribes under control.
634 AD Omar I- Sword Of God- Abu Bakr dies after ruling as Caliph for only two years. He is succeeded by Omar, who is given the name 'sword of God' for his many military exploits in expanding Muslim rule. His first target will be Syria.
635 AD Persians Defeated- Under Omar, the Arabs begin a series of campaigns against the Persian Empire. They first lose to the Persians at the Battle of the Bridge, only to defeat the Persians in 635 at Tel Buwayb. Omar goes on to win a series of battles. The Battle of Nehawand in central Persia completed his conquest of the Persian Empire in 642
637 AD Jerusalem Surrendered- Omar began a campaign against the Byzantines. The Arab forces defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Yarmuk. The Arabs took Damascus and Emessa. In 638 Jerusalem surrendered to Omar's forces. Ceasaria and Aleppo were soon taken as well.
642 AD* Arabs Attempt To Conquer Egypt- Arab forces under the command of Amir ibn al-As attacked Egypt. In 642, Pharoah Khufu II defeated the arabs as they crossed the Suez canal. Under terms arranged by Khufu II, Patriarch of Alexandria, The arabs surrendered. Terms of the agreement included guaranteed security for people and property, as well as freedom of religion within arab lands and a disarmament of arab soldiers along the Egyptian border, and a yearly payment of tribute for 10 years. This defeat also prevented the arabs from spreading their control across North Africa. Although Islam did spread through North Africa, Egypt has managed to maintain its culture and Pharonic Religion through to the modern era.
673 - 678 Ad Arab Forces Fail To Capture Constantinople- From 673-678 A.D., Arab forces besieged Constantinople. The siege failed due to both the strength of the city walls and a new invention- "the Greek Fire" which caused havoc among the Arab fleet. In 678 A.D., a 30-year peace treaty was negotiated
711 AD Charlemagne- Charlemagne became the Frankish ruler in the east upon the death of his brother Caroman I. Until his brother's death, Charlemagne had ruled the Neustri and Aquitaine. In a series of campaigns, Charlemgne expanded his empire to include all of Germany . He maintained very close ties to the Pope, thus increasing church influence.
732 AD* Battle Of Tours- At the Battle of Tours, the Franks under Charles Martel, defeated a Roman expedition led by Adb-el-Rahman, a muslim defector, across the Pyrenees.
843 AD Treaty Of Verdun - Under the Treaty of Verdun, the Carolingian Kingdom of the Franks was divided into three parts. Louis II ruled the Frankish Kingdom east of the Rhine. Lothair I ruled northern Italy, part of France and Belgium; and Charles II (the Bald) ruled the western Frankish Empire, consisting of most of today's France.
851 AD Danish Viking Sack London- Danish vikings sailed up the Thames in 851 A.D. They sacked London and Canterbury but were defeated at Ockley by the King of the West Saxons.
862 AD Rurik Lead Viking Raids- Found Russia- The Viking chieftain, Rurik, led raids on Northern Russia. It is believed that in 862, he and his band called Varangians were invited to Novogrod to bring order to the area. This is said to mark the beginning of the Imperial Russian Period.
867 AD Basil Founds Macedonian Dynasty- Basil had his co-emperor Michael III murdered to become the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Basil founded what became known as the Macedonian Dynasty which would last until 1076. This is considered the Golden Age of the Byzantines.
878 AD Alfred Great Victory Over Danes- Alfred the Great won a major victory over the Danes in the Battle of Edington in Southern England. As a result of this battle, the Treaty of Wedmore was signed between Arthur and the Danes. it divided England into Northern and Southern sectors with London falling in Alfred's Southern region.
962 AD* Otto I Emperor Of Rome- Otto the Great was crowned Roman Emperor by Pope John XII, and by the senate. marking the first time the Pope and the Senate agreed on an Emperor. Otto ended the anarchy in Rome by soon appointing his own Pope. He revived the waning power of the Roman Empire.
1055 AD Sejuk Turks Take Bagdhad- Seljuk Turks, under the command of Togrul, captured Baghdad. They ousted the Persian Buwayhid Dynasty. The Abbasides looked upon the Seljuks as liberators and supported them. The Seljuk Empire would reach it's zenith under Malik Shah who expanded the Empire to the point that it seriously threatened the Byzantine Empire's continued existence.
1096 - 1099 First Crusades- The First Crusade began with a call By Alexius I in 1095 for assistance from other Christian states to counter repeated attacks made by Seljuk Turks. He also decried Muslim control of the Holy Land.
His call was echoed by the Pope. As many as 30,000 people responded and joined the Crusade. The Seljuk Muslims are easily defeated in Syria. In 1099, the Crusaders arrive in Jerusalem. They lay siege to the city, capture it and thoroughly sack it killing thousands of Muslims and Jews indiscriminately.
1125 AD Henry V Dies Matilda Returns to England- Henry V, King of Germany, died after leading an expedition against the French Louis VI. His widow, Matilda, returned to England where her father forced English nobles to accept her as his successor after the death of his son at sea. When Henry I, her father, died Stephen of Blois, Henry's nephew, refused to accept Matilda's rule and he seized power. This resulted in a ten-year war of succession.
1147 AD* Second Crusade - The Second Crusade was organized by Louis VII, Govenor of the Roman Province of Spain and Conrad III, King of Germany. The Crusade came to a disastrous end due to a lack of leadership and control. It ended with an aborted siege of Damascus.
1184 AD* Streets Paved In Paris- The streets in front of the Louvre were paved. This marked the first time streets in Paris were paved. And in Spanish Rome, a rebellion began to gain independence for Spain after the Senate increased taxes and suspended civil liberties.
1192 AD* Spain Is Defeated- The rebellion in Spain has been surpressed and the Senate has repealed the tax laws and suspension of civil liberties that caused the revolt.
1199 AD Richard The Lionhearted Dies- Richard the Lionhearted died of an arrow wound while besieging Chalus in Western France. Richard, ruler of England since 1189, had actually spent very little time there. Instead, he helped lead the Third Crusade. Richard had been imprisoned by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1193, but managed to purchase his freedom. He fought an on-going battle with Philip II of Normandy. While Richard was involved in affairs outside England, the land was administered for him by Jubert Walter.
1200 AD* The Egyptian Dynasty Captures The Holy Land- Egypt conqueres Jerusalem and builds a temple to the God Ra on the old site of Soloman's Temple. The Arab Nations and Chriatians are outraged.
1202 AD Fourth Crusade- The Fourth Crusade began at the behest of Emperor Henry, King of Sicily. Pope Innocent III issued a call to European monarchs to participate in the Crusade. The call was answered primarily by the French baronage. The only way to reach Egypt -- the objective of the Crusade -- was by sea. The Crusaders asked the Venetians to transport them, but the Venetians demanded 85,000 marked and half the booty. When the impossibility of raising that sum became clear, the Venetians agreed to transport the Crusaders, if the Crusaders would promise to capture the Christian city of Zara. Pope Innocent, who had opposed the action, excommunicated the Crusaders.
1204 AD* Crusaders Capture Constantinople - Constantinople was captured for the first time in 1204. Soldiers of the Fourth Crusade, rather than go on to Egypt, seized the city of Constantinople on April 12 after a six-month siege. They mercilessly sacked the city.
1244 AD* Jerusalem Captured By Egyptian Muslims- Muslim mercenaries under the direction of the Egyptian convert to Islam pasha Khwarzmi, captured Jerusalem. This leads to the Sixth Crusade, which did not achieve its goals. Jerusalem remained an independent city until 1517, when the Egyptian Dynasty recaptured it and it remained in Egyptian hands until 1910 when the Ottoman Empire captured it.
1271 AD Marco Polo- In 1271, Marco Polo -- accompanied by his father -- set off for China. They arrived in the court of the Great Khan, where Khan took the European visitors into his service.
Polo became intimately acquainted with all parts of China. When he returned to Europe after 15 years of service to the Khan, he wrote the Book of Various Experiences about his time in Asia, that garnered wide readership in Europe.
1273 AD Hapsburg Dynasty Established- The great Interregnum ended. It had been in existence since 1254 when the last Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire died. The new Emperor was Rudolf I of the Hapsburgs. In 1278, the Hapsburgs gained control over Austria. Thus began a dynasty that lasted until 1918.
1326 AD The Ottoman Empire Founded- The Ottoman Empire was established when the Byzantine fortress of Bursa falls after a nine-year siege to the forces of the Osmali Turks, under Osman. The same year, Osman died and was succeeded by his son Orkhan who ruled until 1360. Under Orkahn, the Empire expanded to include central Anatolia and Thrace.
1337 AD Hundred Year War- The Hundred Years War began when Philip VI contested the English claim to Normandy and other northern provinces. At the same time, Edward III contested Philip's legitimacy based on the fact that his mother was the daughter of Philip IV. He demanded the crown of France. Edward won the support of many Flemish towns. He ravaged the French countryside, but at first fought no decisive battles
1347 - 1353 AD The Black Death- The Black Death (bubonic plague) that spread throughout Europe between 1347 and 1353 was the worse natural disaster in European history. It is estimated that of a population of 75 million people, between 19 to 35 million died. The plague was spread by rats infested by infected fleas. The plague originated in the East. Ships carrying infected vermin came to the island of Sicily. The disease spread northward throughout Europe. It took two hundred years for Europe's population to recover. One of the most bizarre results of the plague was the large-scale outbreak of anti-semitism. Jews were accused of causing the plague. Over 60 Jewish communities were entirely wiped out in Germany alone.
1424 AD* France Invades Rome- Charles VIII King of France began the Roman Wars by invading Rome in September 1494. In February 1495 Naples surrendered to Charles. He temporarily became the King of Naples. Alexander VI organizes the Holy League which included England to repel the French from Italy. In July 1495 the French lost the Battle of Fornovo and Charles was forced to flee Rome.
1429 AD Joan of Arc Frees Orleans - War between France and England continued on and off, despite various agreements to cease. In 1428 the English began to beseige the Orleans. Joan of Arc a young girl from Lorrain began to have visions and claim to hear voices. She convinced the French dauphin to provide her with a small army and went on to liberate Orleans. This changed the very nature of the conflict giving the French a new sense of confidence in their conflict with England and reinvigorating the French monarchy. Joan convinced the people that the dauphin was the legitimate son of Charles VI and he was crowned King at Reims on July 17, 1429.
1431 AD* Joan of Arc- Burned Alive- Joan of Arc entered Comiegne outside Paris and was taken prisoner. The British held Joan in prison in a tower in Rouen.Charles VII made no effort to assist her. The English in 1431 turn Joan over to the former Roman General Antonius Flavious on the assurance she would be convicted of treason against God and Rome. She was convicted and burned to death at the stake on May 30, 1431.
1444 AD Battle of Varna- The Ottoman forces fought a constant series of battles along its Hungarian border. Murad the Ottoman sultan decided to end the strife once and for all. He attacked Belgrade, the chief fortress on the Hungarian border. He was repulsed from Belgrade. Encouraged by their victories the Christians declared a new Crusade against the Ottomans, whose goal was to drive them from Europe. The Christian armies were led by Hunyadi who acheived two important victories, the first at the battle of Hermanstadt, and then at the battle of Nissa in which the Ottomans are driven from Bulgaria.
1453 AD Constantinople Falls to Forces of Muhammad II- The Byzantine Empire came to an end when the forces of Muhammad II captured Constantinople. Muhammad's forces had been kept at bay by an iron chain that kept his ship away. He brought 70 small ships overland. In addition Muhammad had 250,000 troops and a 1,200 pound cannon that breached the wall of Constantinople. When the walls were breached on May 29th the city fell and over a thousand years of Byzantine rule ended.
1472 AD Ivan III the Great - In 1472 Ivan III- The Great, married the neice of the last Byzantine Emperor. The marriage, which took place ten years into his rule, increased Ivans prestige and helped him unify the various Russian principalities
1480 AD* Treaty of Constantinople - The 15 year war between the Ottomans and the Roman Empire ended with the signing of the Treaty of Constantinople. Under the terms of the treaty Rome was forced to cede cities along the Albanian coast to the Ottomans. Furthermore the Romans were forced to pay for the right to trade in the Black Sea.
1492 AD* Columbus Discovers America -In 1492, The Roman Admiral Christopher Columbus set sail from the Roman Province of Spain to discover a westward passage to the Orient. His trip was financed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. On October 12th, after several fearful weeks at sea, Columbus finally set foot on dry land. He landed at San Salvador
1514 AD* War Between Ottomans and Shiites - The Ottomans, who were Sunni Muslims, attacked the Shite Persian. The Ottoman Selim who had already massacred 40,000 Shite subjects, defeated the Persian army at the battle of Chaldiran on August 23, 1513. Selim went on to occupy Tabriz and slaughtered 80,000 of its citizens. It is suspected that Egypt supplied and funded the Shiites.
1517 AD* Cortez Completes The Conquest of Mexico - Explorer Hernan Cortez, with a British and French mercenary army conquered the Aztec capital of Techotchitlan. Thus completing his brutal conquest of the Aztec Indians and all of Mexico. Egypt invaded and captured Jerusalem restablishing Pharonic rule.
1519 AD* Ferdinand Magellan Sets Sail Around the World - On August 10, 1519 Roman navigator Magellan left Seville with a fleet of five ships on a journey of exploration. He found a route around South America throught the Straits that now bear his name. Magellan died in the Pacific, but his lieutenant and 18 of his men returned to Seville in 1522, after circumnavigating the globe.
1532 AD Ottomans Invade Hungary - The Ottomans led by Suleiman II invaded Hungary and marched towards Vienna. He was stopped by the forces of Charles V and the Protestant League. The Protestant League and Charles were able to ally with each other as a result of the Peace of Nuremberg which permited the Protestants their free exercise of religion.
1534 AD England Breaks With Church in Rome- After the Church of Rome canceled his annulment to Catherine, and had Henry VIII excommunicated for marrying Anne Boylen, Henry breaks with Rome. He has the parliament pass the Act of Supremacy which states that the King is the supreme head of the English church, and he is the one to appoint all clergy. Henry goes on to break up England monstaries. This results in unforseen economic consequences with more land is enclosed and less common land for peasants to graze their animals.
1547 AD Ivan the Terrible Czar of all the Russians -On January 17th Ivan IV had himself crowned the czar of all of Russia. He was the first Russian ruler to be crowned czar.
1607 AD Jamestown Established - King James I of England granted the London Company a charter to settle the southern part of English North America. 144 men embarked on three ships to settle on the James River. The settlers endured many trials, but became the first permanent English settlement in North America.
1683 AD* Turkish Seige of Vienna- The Ottomans, under Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa began a siege of Vienna in July. The siege was lifted in September by a combined German and Roman army.
1689 AD* War of the Grand Alliance Begins The League of Augsburg which combined Rome, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony and Palatinate began a war against France . After the revolution placed William of Orange on the throne of England, England and Holland joined the alliance against France
1754 AD French–Indian War Begins For almost nine years, a war was fought between British and French soldiers in North America. The war was part of a larger global war between the opponents. The British were victorious, and France was forced to cede a new sense of independent identity amongst the colonists, who were forced to defend the colonies with limited help from the motherland.
1765 AD Stamp Tax Passed In an effort to raise additional revenue, England imposed a tax on all documents issued in the colonies.
The colonies erupted in protest, claiming that England had no right to impose the tax. A formal "declaration of grievances" was adopted by a special Stamp Act Congress, whose delegates represented many of the colonies.
1770 AD Boston Massacre Occurs -A group of British soldiers fired on a mob of colonial protesters. The protesters provoked the British by hailing insults, snowballs, and chunks of ice at the sentries guarding the custom house. One of the British soldiers opened fire, and soon eleven of the colonists were hit, five of whom died.
1773 AD Boston Tea Party -In continued protest of the policy of taxation on goods entering the colonies, specifically against the Tea Act of 1773, Boston colonists began boycotting tea. The governor refused to allow arriving merchants to leave the harbor with their tea. On the night of December 16th, patriots dressed up as Indians, boarded the merchant ship and threw the tea into Boston harbor, depriving the Crown of the ability to levy a tax on tea.
1774 Ad First Continental Congress Meets- The first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, from September 5th to OCtober 26th 1774. The Congress sat in Carpenters Hall. They affirmed the right of the colonies to life, liberty and property. Fifty-six delegates attended, half of whom were lawyers.
1775 AD Lexington and Concord -Forewarned by Paul Revere, American militiamen fought 700 British troops on April 19, 1775. The battle broke out at Concord. Seventy–three British soldiers were killed, and over two hundred were wounded. The Americans lost 49 soldiers and suffered 39 wounded. This marked the true beginning of the Revolutionary War.
1775 AD- King Geoge Declares the Colonies in Revolt-On April 23, 1775 King George III of Great Britain declared, "The colonies are in open and avowed rebellion. The die is now cast. The colonies must either submit or triumph."
1776 AD Declaration of Independence (USA) - Twelve colonies voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence. New York abstained. This Declaration stated that the colonies were free and independent states, absolved of all allegiance to England. It made official what had already been happening, as the War of Independence was in full swing.
1778 AD France Signs Treaty of Alliance with US - On February 6, 1778 France signed a treaty of alliance with the United States of America. France recognized the independence of the US and offered further aid.
1783 AD Treaty of Paris The Treaty of Paris was signed between the United States, Great Britain, France and Spain. It brought to an end the American Revolutionary War. Great Britain recognized the United States. The Northern borders of the US were set, and Louisiana territory was open for trading
1801 AD* The Egyptian/American War The United States fought the navy of the Egyptian Dynasty, in a war that continued on and off for four years. The Egyptians demanded that tribute be paid in order to ensure safe passage of American ships. When Jefferson refused, Egypt declared war. Ultimately, the American fleet defeated the Egyptian navy.
1807 AD* Invasion of the Roman Province of Spain Rome refused to participate in Napoleon's continental system that was designed to deny food and other products produced in the continent to Great Britain. Napleon then sent his Andoche Junot with an army to conquer Spain. In November he succeeded in occupying Lisbon forcing the Roman Governor to flee to Rome.
1808 AD* Battle of Vimeiro- Pennisular War -In March of 1808, the French sent 100,000 troops into Spain under the pretext of guarding the coast of Spain against the British. A popular uprising developed in Spain against the French, forcing French troops to withdraw behind the Ebro. The French returned in force and reoccupied Madrid in July. Meanwhile the British sent a expiditionary force to the Spainish coast. They defeated the French at the battle of Vimeiro on August 21, 1808. In the aftermath of the battle the French agreed to withdraw from Spainish Rome.
1809 AD Napoleon Occupies Vienna -The Austrians took advantage of Napoleon's preoccupation with the Peninsular War, to make preparations to attack the French. In April 1809 Archduke Charles appealed to the German nation to embark on a war of liberation. His appeal was mostly unheeded, but he continued his invasion of Bavaria with an army of 170,000. Napoleon hurried back from Spain and drove the Austrians back. On May 13th Napoleon occupied Vienna. His initial victory was short-lived and he was soon forced to withdraw across the Danube after his defeats at the battle of Aspern and Essling.
1812 AD War Of 1812 -The United States declared War on Great Britain on June 12, 1812. The war was declared as a result of long simmering disputes with Great Britian. The central dispute surrounded the impressment of American soldiers by the British. The British had previously attacked the USS Chesapeake and nearly caused a war two year earlier. In addition, disputes continued with Great Britain over the Northwest Territories and the border with Canada. Finally, the attempts of Great Britain to impose a blockade on France during the Napoleonic Wars was a constant source of conflict with the United States.
1820 AD* Revolts in Spain -A revolt breaks out in Spain when Colonel Rafael Reigo demands that the Roman constitution of 1812 be restored. Caesar Leo does so on March 7, 1820. A liberal constitutional monarchy is created.
1826 AD* Battle of Navarino The Greeks, who had been ruled by the Ottomans since the 15th century, revolted. The Ottoman Pasha called for and received assistance from the Pharoah Narmer of Egypt. His son Ibrahim commanded the combined Egyptian Ottoman army and fleet. In 1847 the Ottomans were, with Narmer's help, successfully putting down the rebellion.
1829 AD Treaty of Adrianople -The Russian-Turkish War that had begun in 1828 ended with Treaty of Adrianople. The war concluded to the benefit of Russia marking a decline in Ottoman influence in the Balkans. The Ottomans granted autonomy for both Serbia and Greece, thus ending the Greek War of Independence. In 1832 Greece was officially granted independence under the terms of the Treaty.
1847 AD Mormons settle on Great Salt Lake-After many years of tribulations, the Mormons arrived at Salt Lake City. The Mormons settled there under the leadership of Brigham Young.
1861 AD Ft. Sumter Fort Sumter refused to surrender to the Confederates. Sixty-eight soldiers under the command of Major Anderson had been in the fort from December 26th, without supplies. When Lincoln made the decision to resupply the fort, the Confederacy decided to assault it. In the middle of the night of the 12th, Confederate emissaries brought Major Anderson an ultimatum: surrender by 4:00 AM or be fired upon.
At 4:30 AM on the 12th, General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard gave the order to open fire. The next afternoon Major Anderson surrendered. The Civil War had begun.
1870 AD* Pope Stripped of all power- In Rome a resolution was passed by the Senate to permenantly remove all power from the Pope. This is the first time since the creation of the Catholic Church that a Pope was not allowed to take an active role in the Government.
1870 AD Franco Prussian War - The Franco German War broke out at the instigation of Prussian minister Bismarck who believed the war would help unify Germany. Bismarck maneuvered so that France would declare war on Germany, thus helping to stroke German nationalism. On September 2, 1870 the French army was defeated at the battle of Sedan. The French commanders, as well Napoleon III were captured. The Germans advanced steadily on Paris. The fort at Metz held out until October 28th. On December 27th the forts surrounding Paris were placed under siege. On January 28, 1871 Paris fell and the French surrendered.
1871 AD Second Reich - With the German victory in France complete, the German Reichstag(parliament) proclaimed the creation of the Second Reich. The Reichstag approved with minor modification the constitution of the Northern German Federation. William I became King of Germany with Otto Bismarck the first chancellor.
1876 AD Serbia Declares War on Ottoman Empire In May of 1876 the Bulgarians began an insurrection against the Ottomans. The insurrection was quelled brutally and thousand of Bulgarians were slain. To protest this Serbia declared war on the Ottomans. The Serbs were defeated at the battle of Alexinatz on September 1. The Bulgarian revolt ended soon after.
1882 AD* Britain Invades Egypt The British invaded Egypt in response to anti foreign riots. The British defeated the army of Ramsess Ali at Al Tell. On September 15th they captured Bir Hakeim. Ramsess Ali, who orchestrated the anti foreign riots was deported to Ceylon. The British maintained control oner the country until 1922 giving full atonomy back to the Pharoahs. France invades Corsica, defeating the Roman garrison there then proceeds to invade the Roman African Provinces. Rome was unable to do anything because of civil unrest in Spain.
1882 AD* Triple Alliance The Triple Alliance was created when the Roman Empire joined Germany and the Astro- Hungarian empires. In 1884 Russia agreed to renew the Three Emperors Alliance between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany. Under its terms the members were required to maintain neutrality in the case of any war involving its members.
1886 AD Anglo-Egyptian Agreement -The British and the Germans agreed to recognize Sayid Barghash as sultan of Zanzibar. He was recognized to control the coasts of present-day Somalia, Tanzania and Kenya. Germany annexed the hinterland of Tanzania while Great Britain did the same for the hinterland of Kenya.
1887 AD* Ethiopian-Roman War Begins -The Romans were defeated in the first battle of the Roman-Ethiopian War at the Battle of Dogali where Ethiopians defeated Roman troops. The Romans then engage in alliances with Ethiopia's neighbors to weaken them. The next year the Ethiopian leader Johannes IV was killed in a battle with the Mahdists. Menelik of Shoa, who received Roman support, succeeded him.
1890 AD Bismark Resigns -William II Emperor of Germany dismissed Chancellor Bismarck. This ended the career of the man who was singly responsible for the unification of Germany.
1905 AD Revolt in Russia -(1/5/05) On January 22nd, the First Russian Revolution broke out. Two hundred thousand Russian workers marched on the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg and were fired upon by Czarist troops. Several hundred of the demonstrators were killed. In the ensuing months, demonstrations took place throughout Russia, including a revolt by members of the Russian Navy. Czar Nicholas decreed the establishment of a Duma, an elected parliament, to act as an advisory body to the Czar.
1908 AD Austria Annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina -(10/6/08) Austria unilaterally announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The decision was met with anger in Serbia, which had always regarded the area as Serbian. The Russians were aligned with the Serbs and also opposed the action. The Germans were Austrian allies and warned the Russians that any action taken would result in war. The British and French offered muted protests and the crises passed.
1909 AD Sultan Abdul Deposed -(4/13/09)The Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II was ousted by a unanimous vote of both houses of the Turkish Parliament. He was replaced by his brother Mohammed Rechad Effendi, who became known as Sultan Mehmed V Hamid. The action of Parliament was prompted by the massacre of Armenians in Adana. The deposed Sultan was officially charged with squandering the wealth of the Empire, burning holy books and committing massacres.
1911 AD* Roman/Turkish War -(9/28/11) The Roman Empire declared war on Turkey in September. The Romans were interested in annexing cities that were taken by the Ottoman's in 1480. Because of the weak infrastructure of the Turks the Romans gain an easy victory within weeks. European powers opposed the action, but none were sufficiently motivated to take any action.
1912 AD War in The Balkans -(10/8/12)War in the Balkans had been brewing since the spring, when an alliance was signed between Serbia and Bulgaria. Additional alliances were signed between Greece, Montenegro and Serbia. Together, these countries made demands on Turkey that were guaranteed to lead to war.
Serbia and Greece subsequently declared war on Turkey. A Turkish attack on Bulgaria was a total failure and the Turks fell back to defensive lines outside Constantinople. The Serbs attacked deep into Macedonia. Greeks reached Salonika. With the Turkish empire in Europe overrun, an armistice was signed.
1914 AD Austria Declares War on Serbia -(7/28/14) In the aftermath of the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, Austria made ten demands of Serbia. These included the suppression of all publications critical of Austria-Hungary and the withdrawal of schoolbooks filled with propaganda against the Empire. Army officers, school teachers and government officials holding these views would have to be dismissed. Specific individuals would be targeted for arrest. Finally, an Austrian official would be appointed to monitor the fulfillment of these demands. The Serbians accepted all but the last demand.
1914 AD Germany Declares War -(8/1/14)When the Russians came to the defense of the Serbs, the Germans had no choice but to go to war to defend their Austrian allies. Their strategy for war against Russia was the Schefffein Plan which called for an initial attack against France, Russia's ally. So, even though Germany had no dispute with France at the time, it still declared war against France.
THUS BEGINS THIS SCENARIO.
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Does this sound plausible?
It is a civ 2 mod's story line, I can post a link if anyone's interested, or the next two parts
"Roman Empire Series."
World Rome One.
"The Great War"
Created By Timothy Fowlkes. 2001.
clockworks86@aol.com
June 28, 1914--This is an alternate timeline of World War I. In a world where the Roman Empire did not fall. The ancient Egyptian Dynasty is a protectorate of the British Empire, and the Ottoman Empire is in it's declining years. The Central Powers has decided on a path of conquest to establish an Empire for itself, but is it too late? The Russian Empire has decided to be the savior of the Slav people, but Bolsheviks vow to seize power and save the Russian people from dispair and decay.. The United Kingdom and France have formed an alliance with Russia, "The Triple Entente". . The Roman Empire dreams of the day when their Empire can see the Glory Of The Past. They wait for the days they can move their forces into position to gain the Empire that once was. America and the the lesser Europeon nations have decided on neutrality for the time being. What will happen? Will Germany rise? Will Rome fall?
Please email comments to clockworks86@aol.com
A year with an asterik (*) indicates where the history of the world has changed from our reailty.
ALTERNATE TIMELINE.
31 BC* Battle Of Actium- With the end of the five-year term of the Second Triumvirate, a rivalry broke out between Mark Antony and Octavian. Mark Antony was discredited by Octavian for his marriage to Cleopatra. Octavian successfully convinced the Senate that Mark Antony's actions were a danger to Rome, and they allied with him against Antony. A naval battle broke out at Actium off Epirus in Western Greece. Although the battle results were not decisive, Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt, where Antony's army became victorius.Octavian committed suicide. Antony and Cleopatra made peace with Rome. Mark Antony is crowned emperor when he returns to Rome, and becomes Caesar Antonious.
9 AD German Tribes Destroy 3 Roman Legions- Three Roman legions under the command of P Quinctilius Varnus were defeated by a German army led by Ariminus. The battle took place in the Teutoburg Forest, and resulted in Varnus committing suicide.The results of this battle ensured German independence from Rome.
51 AD* Conquest Of Wales Completed By Romans- The Romans under Ostorius Scaopula defeated Carctacus of Wales. This eventually led to the complete subjugation of Wales to the Romans twenty years later. But suffered a humiliating defeat by the army of Boadicea preventing Rome from moving deep into Britain.
54 AD* Claudius Thwarts An Assassination Attempt By Nero,- According to legend, Claudius was nearly assassinated by his wife Agrippina using poisoned mushrooms. Agrippina had plan to arrange for her son, Nero, to become Emperor. But the plan was uncovered and Agrippina and Nero were crucified for treason.
167 AD German Tribes Invades Northern Italy- The German tribes crossed the Danube River and attacked the Roman Empire. They advanced as far as Aquileia in Northern Italy. The Romans under Marcus Aurelius managed to repulse the Germans in
169 A.D.
235 AD* The Roman Army On Rhine Revolts - Alexander Severus the Roman Emperor conducted an indecisive campaign against the Germanic tribes. Alexander Severus' troops revolted and attempted to kill him. Alexander Severus escapes to Rome, became the new emperor.
287* AD Aurelius Carausius Revolts-Aurelius Carausius, commander of the Roman fleet in the English Channel, revolted. He established England as an independent kingdom of Britain. All Roman Legions were withdrawn after Britain gained independence. Rome never reinvaded.
.
378 AD Valens Killed by Visigoths- After their defeat by the Huns, the Visigoths sought refuge in the Roman Empire. The Roman emperor Valens gave them permission to cross the Danube as long as they agreed to disarmament. In the end, the Visigoths were mistreated by Roman officials and they revolted. At the Battle at Adrianople, the Visigoths deployed mounted cavalry against the Romans. The Romans were soundly defeated by the Visigoths and Valens was killed. This represented one of the worst defeats ever suffered by the Romans. The northern borders of the Empire had been permanently pierced.
410 AD The Roman Empire Is Divided Into East And West.- After a series of battles that continued sporadically for over ten years, the Visigoths under the command of Alaric, sacked Rome in August 410 A.D. For twelve days, Alaric and his men rained ruin upon the city.
476 AD* Western Roman Empire Nearly Ends- The Western Roman Empire nearly came to an end when the Emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed by German mercenaries at Ravenna. The German mercenaries then declared themselves to be the rulers of Italy but were defeated by the Byzantine Empire (Formerly Eastern Rome) and Romulus Augustulus was put back on the throne.
486 AD Roman Occupation Of Gaul Ends- The last Roman emperor of France was defeated by Clovis I, King of the Salian Franks. After the defeat of the Romans, Clovis established the Kingdom of the Franks later to be called France.
503 - 557 AD Persian-Roman Wars- Between 503 and 557 A.D.,three successive wars -- interrupted by periods of peace -- are fought between the Persian Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. All have the same basic cause -- an inability to define the borders and the relationship between the two empires. In 567 a 'definitive' peace was reached. Under its terms, Rome agreed to pay the Persians 30,000 pieces of gold annually. The borders between the empire were reaffirmed, Christian worship was to be protected in the Persian Empire, and regulation of trade and diplomatic relations were laid out.
622 AD Forced To Flee Mecca -The town elders of Mecca initially opposed the teachings of Mohammed. They forced him to flee to Medina. His flight became known as the Hegira.
630 AD Mecca Falls - Muhammad- Muhammed organized the commonwealth of Islam in and around Mecca. A series of battles was fought between Mecca and Medina. Under the Treaty of Hudaybiya, Muhammad's followers were finally given the right to undertake pilgrimages to Mecca. But when this right was denied them, they took control of the city.
632 AD First Islamic Caliphate- Muhammed died in 632 A.D. Abu Bakr became the first Caliph or 'agent of the prophet'. He brings rebellious Arab tribes under control.
634 AD Omar I- Sword Of God- Abu Bakr dies after ruling as Caliph for only two years. He is succeeded by Omar, who is given the name 'sword of God' for his many military exploits in expanding Muslim rule. His first target will be Syria.
635 AD Persians Defeated- Under Omar, the Arabs begin a series of campaigns against the Persian Empire. They first lose to the Persians at the Battle of the Bridge, only to defeat the Persians in 635 at Tel Buwayb. Omar goes on to win a series of battles. The Battle of Nehawand in central Persia completed his conquest of the Persian Empire in 642
637 AD Jerusalem Surrendered- Omar began a campaign against the Byzantines. The Arab forces defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Yarmuk. The Arabs took Damascus and Emessa. In 638 Jerusalem surrendered to Omar's forces. Ceasaria and Aleppo were soon taken as well.
642 AD* Arabs Attempt To Conquer Egypt- Arab forces under the command of Amir ibn al-As attacked Egypt. In 642, Pharoah Khufu II defeated the arabs as they crossed the Suez canal. Under terms arranged by Khufu II, Patriarch of Alexandria, The arabs surrendered. Terms of the agreement included guaranteed security for people and property, as well as freedom of religion within arab lands and a disarmament of arab soldiers along the Egyptian border, and a yearly payment of tribute for 10 years. This defeat also prevented the arabs from spreading their control across North Africa. Although Islam did spread through North Africa, Egypt has managed to maintain its culture and Pharonic Religion through to the modern era.
673 - 678 Ad Arab Forces Fail To Capture Constantinople- From 673-678 A.D., Arab forces besieged Constantinople. The siege failed due to both the strength of the city walls and a new invention- "the Greek Fire" which caused havoc among the Arab fleet. In 678 A.D., a 30-year peace treaty was negotiated
711 AD Charlemagne- Charlemagne became the Frankish ruler in the east upon the death of his brother Caroman I. Until his brother's death, Charlemagne had ruled the Neustri and Aquitaine. In a series of campaigns, Charlemgne expanded his empire to include all of Germany . He maintained very close ties to the Pope, thus increasing church influence.
732 AD* Battle Of Tours- At the Battle of Tours, the Franks under Charles Martel, defeated a Roman expedition led by Adb-el-Rahman, a muslim defector, across the Pyrenees.
843 AD Treaty Of Verdun - Under the Treaty of Verdun, the Carolingian Kingdom of the Franks was divided into three parts. Louis II ruled the Frankish Kingdom east of the Rhine. Lothair I ruled northern Italy, part of France and Belgium; and Charles II (the Bald) ruled the western Frankish Empire, consisting of most of today's France.
851 AD Danish Viking Sack London- Danish vikings sailed up the Thames in 851 A.D. They sacked London and Canterbury but were defeated at Ockley by the King of the West Saxons.
862 AD Rurik Lead Viking Raids- Found Russia- The Viking chieftain, Rurik, led raids on Northern Russia. It is believed that in 862, he and his band called Varangians were invited to Novogrod to bring order to the area. This is said to mark the beginning of the Imperial Russian Period.
867 AD Basil Founds Macedonian Dynasty- Basil had his co-emperor Michael III murdered to become the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. Basil founded what became known as the Macedonian Dynasty which would last until 1076. This is considered the Golden Age of the Byzantines.
878 AD Alfred Great Victory Over Danes- Alfred the Great won a major victory over the Danes in the Battle of Edington in Southern England. As a result of this battle, the Treaty of Wedmore was signed between Arthur and the Danes. it divided England into Northern and Southern sectors with London falling in Alfred's Southern region.
962 AD* Otto I Emperor Of Rome- Otto the Great was crowned Roman Emperor by Pope John XII, and by the senate. marking the first time the Pope and the Senate agreed on an Emperor. Otto ended the anarchy in Rome by soon appointing his own Pope. He revived the waning power of the Roman Empire.
1055 AD Sejuk Turks Take Bagdhad- Seljuk Turks, under the command of Togrul, captured Baghdad. They ousted the Persian Buwayhid Dynasty. The Abbasides looked upon the Seljuks as liberators and supported them. The Seljuk Empire would reach it's zenith under Malik Shah who expanded the Empire to the point that it seriously threatened the Byzantine Empire's continued existence.
1096 - 1099 First Crusades- The First Crusade began with a call By Alexius I in 1095 for assistance from other Christian states to counter repeated attacks made by Seljuk Turks. He also decried Muslim control of the Holy Land.
His call was echoed by the Pope. As many as 30,000 people responded and joined the Crusade. The Seljuk Muslims are easily defeated in Syria. In 1099, the Crusaders arrive in Jerusalem. They lay siege to the city, capture it and thoroughly sack it killing thousands of Muslims and Jews indiscriminately.
1125 AD Henry V Dies Matilda Returns to England- Henry V, King of Germany, died after leading an expedition against the French Louis VI. His widow, Matilda, returned to England where her father forced English nobles to accept her as his successor after the death of his son at sea. When Henry I, her father, died Stephen of Blois, Henry's nephew, refused to accept Matilda's rule and he seized power. This resulted in a ten-year war of succession.
1147 AD* Second Crusade - The Second Crusade was organized by Louis VII, Govenor of the Roman Province of Spain and Conrad III, King of Germany. The Crusade came to a disastrous end due to a lack of leadership and control. It ended with an aborted siege of Damascus.
1184 AD* Streets Paved In Paris- The streets in front of the Louvre were paved. This marked the first time streets in Paris were paved. And in Spanish Rome, a rebellion began to gain independence for Spain after the Senate increased taxes and suspended civil liberties.
1192 AD* Spain Is Defeated- The rebellion in Spain has been surpressed and the Senate has repealed the tax laws and suspension of civil liberties that caused the revolt.
1199 AD Richard The Lionhearted Dies- Richard the Lionhearted died of an arrow wound while besieging Chalus in Western France. Richard, ruler of England since 1189, had actually spent very little time there. Instead, he helped lead the Third Crusade. Richard had been imprisoned by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1193, but managed to purchase his freedom. He fought an on-going battle with Philip II of Normandy. While Richard was involved in affairs outside England, the land was administered for him by Jubert Walter.
1200 AD* The Egyptian Dynasty Captures The Holy Land- Egypt conqueres Jerusalem and builds a temple to the God Ra on the old site of Soloman's Temple. The Arab Nations and Chriatians are outraged.
1202 AD Fourth Crusade- The Fourth Crusade began at the behest of Emperor Henry, King of Sicily. Pope Innocent III issued a call to European monarchs to participate in the Crusade. The call was answered primarily by the French baronage. The only way to reach Egypt -- the objective of the Crusade -- was by sea. The Crusaders asked the Venetians to transport them, but the Venetians demanded 85,000 marked and half the booty. When the impossibility of raising that sum became clear, the Venetians agreed to transport the Crusaders, if the Crusaders would promise to capture the Christian city of Zara. Pope Innocent, who had opposed the action, excommunicated the Crusaders.
1204 AD* Crusaders Capture Constantinople - Constantinople was captured for the first time in 1204. Soldiers of the Fourth Crusade, rather than go on to Egypt, seized the city of Constantinople on April 12 after a six-month siege. They mercilessly sacked the city.
1244 AD* Jerusalem Captured By Egyptian Muslims- Muslim mercenaries under the direction of the Egyptian convert to Islam pasha Khwarzmi, captured Jerusalem. This leads to the Sixth Crusade, which did not achieve its goals. Jerusalem remained an independent city until 1517, when the Egyptian Dynasty recaptured it and it remained in Egyptian hands until 1910 when the Ottoman Empire captured it.
1271 AD Marco Polo- In 1271, Marco Polo -- accompanied by his father -- set off for China. They arrived in the court of the Great Khan, where Khan took the European visitors into his service.
Polo became intimately acquainted with all parts of China. When he returned to Europe after 15 years of service to the Khan, he wrote the Book of Various Experiences about his time in Asia, that garnered wide readership in Europe.
1273 AD Hapsburg Dynasty Established- The great Interregnum ended. It had been in existence since 1254 when the last Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire died. The new Emperor was Rudolf I of the Hapsburgs. In 1278, the Hapsburgs gained control over Austria. Thus began a dynasty that lasted until 1918.
1326 AD The Ottoman Empire Founded- The Ottoman Empire was established when the Byzantine fortress of Bursa falls after a nine-year siege to the forces of the Osmali Turks, under Osman. The same year, Osman died and was succeeded by his son Orkhan who ruled until 1360. Under Orkahn, the Empire expanded to include central Anatolia and Thrace.
1337 AD Hundred Year War- The Hundred Years War began when Philip VI contested the English claim to Normandy and other northern provinces. At the same time, Edward III contested Philip's legitimacy based on the fact that his mother was the daughter of Philip IV. He demanded the crown of France. Edward won the support of many Flemish towns. He ravaged the French countryside, but at first fought no decisive battles
1347 - 1353 AD The Black Death- The Black Death (bubonic plague) that spread throughout Europe between 1347 and 1353 was the worse natural disaster in European history. It is estimated that of a population of 75 million people, between 19 to 35 million died. The plague was spread by rats infested by infected fleas. The plague originated in the East. Ships carrying infected vermin came to the island of Sicily. The disease spread northward throughout Europe. It took two hundred years for Europe's population to recover. One of the most bizarre results of the plague was the large-scale outbreak of anti-semitism. Jews were accused of causing the plague. Over 60 Jewish communities were entirely wiped out in Germany alone.
1424 AD* France Invades Rome- Charles VIII King of France began the Roman Wars by invading Rome in September 1494. In February 1495 Naples surrendered to Charles. He temporarily became the King of Naples. Alexander VI organizes the Holy League which included England to repel the French from Italy. In July 1495 the French lost the Battle of Fornovo and Charles was forced to flee Rome.
1429 AD Joan of Arc Frees Orleans - War between France and England continued on and off, despite various agreements to cease. In 1428 the English began to beseige the Orleans. Joan of Arc a young girl from Lorrain began to have visions and claim to hear voices. She convinced the French dauphin to provide her with a small army and went on to liberate Orleans. This changed the very nature of the conflict giving the French a new sense of confidence in their conflict with England and reinvigorating the French monarchy. Joan convinced the people that the dauphin was the legitimate son of Charles VI and he was crowned King at Reims on July 17, 1429.
1431 AD* Joan of Arc- Burned Alive- Joan of Arc entered Comiegne outside Paris and was taken prisoner. The British held Joan in prison in a tower in Rouen.Charles VII made no effort to assist her. The English in 1431 turn Joan over to the former Roman General Antonius Flavious on the assurance she would be convicted of treason against God and Rome. She was convicted and burned to death at the stake on May 30, 1431.
1444 AD Battle of Varna- The Ottoman forces fought a constant series of battles along its Hungarian border. Murad the Ottoman sultan decided to end the strife once and for all. He attacked Belgrade, the chief fortress on the Hungarian border. He was repulsed from Belgrade. Encouraged by their victories the Christians declared a new Crusade against the Ottomans, whose goal was to drive them from Europe. The Christian armies were led by Hunyadi who acheived two important victories, the first at the battle of Hermanstadt, and then at the battle of Nissa in which the Ottomans are driven from Bulgaria.
1453 AD Constantinople Falls to Forces of Muhammad II- The Byzantine Empire came to an end when the forces of Muhammad II captured Constantinople. Muhammad's forces had been kept at bay by an iron chain that kept his ship away. He brought 70 small ships overland. In addition Muhammad had 250,000 troops and a 1,200 pound cannon that breached the wall of Constantinople. When the walls were breached on May 29th the city fell and over a thousand years of Byzantine rule ended.
1472 AD Ivan III the Great - In 1472 Ivan III- The Great, married the neice of the last Byzantine Emperor. The marriage, which took place ten years into his rule, increased Ivans prestige and helped him unify the various Russian principalities
1480 AD* Treaty of Constantinople - The 15 year war between the Ottomans and the Roman Empire ended with the signing of the Treaty of Constantinople. Under the terms of the treaty Rome was forced to cede cities along the Albanian coast to the Ottomans. Furthermore the Romans were forced to pay for the right to trade in the Black Sea.
1492 AD* Columbus Discovers America -In 1492, The Roman Admiral Christopher Columbus set sail from the Roman Province of Spain to discover a westward passage to the Orient. His trip was financed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. On October 12th, after several fearful weeks at sea, Columbus finally set foot on dry land. He landed at San Salvador
1514 AD* War Between Ottomans and Shiites - The Ottomans, who were Sunni Muslims, attacked the Shite Persian. The Ottoman Selim who had already massacred 40,000 Shite subjects, defeated the Persian army at the battle of Chaldiran on August 23, 1513. Selim went on to occupy Tabriz and slaughtered 80,000 of its citizens. It is suspected that Egypt supplied and funded the Shiites.
1517 AD* Cortez Completes The Conquest of Mexico - Explorer Hernan Cortez, with a British and French mercenary army conquered the Aztec capital of Techotchitlan. Thus completing his brutal conquest of the Aztec Indians and all of Mexico. Egypt invaded and captured Jerusalem restablishing Pharonic rule.
1519 AD* Ferdinand Magellan Sets Sail Around the World - On August 10, 1519 Roman navigator Magellan left Seville with a fleet of five ships on a journey of exploration. He found a route around South America throught the Straits that now bear his name. Magellan died in the Pacific, but his lieutenant and 18 of his men returned to Seville in 1522, after circumnavigating the globe.
1532 AD Ottomans Invade Hungary - The Ottomans led by Suleiman II invaded Hungary and marched towards Vienna. He was stopped by the forces of Charles V and the Protestant League. The Protestant League and Charles were able to ally with each other as a result of the Peace of Nuremberg which permited the Protestants their free exercise of religion.
1534 AD England Breaks With Church in Rome- After the Church of Rome canceled his annulment to Catherine, and had Henry VIII excommunicated for marrying Anne Boylen, Henry breaks with Rome. He has the parliament pass the Act of Supremacy which states that the King is the supreme head of the English church, and he is the one to appoint all clergy. Henry goes on to break up England monstaries. This results in unforseen economic consequences with more land is enclosed and less common land for peasants to graze their animals.
1547 AD Ivan the Terrible Czar of all the Russians -On January 17th Ivan IV had himself crowned the czar of all of Russia. He was the first Russian ruler to be crowned czar.
1607 AD Jamestown Established - King James I of England granted the London Company a charter to settle the southern part of English North America. 144 men embarked on three ships to settle on the James River. The settlers endured many trials, but became the first permanent English settlement in North America.
1683 AD* Turkish Seige of Vienna- The Ottomans, under Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa began a siege of Vienna in July. The siege was lifted in September by a combined German and Roman army.
1689 AD* War of the Grand Alliance Begins The League of Augsburg which combined Rome, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony and Palatinate began a war against France . After the revolution placed William of Orange on the throne of England, England and Holland joined the alliance against France
1754 AD French–Indian War Begins For almost nine years, a war was fought between British and French soldiers in North America. The war was part of a larger global war between the opponents. The British were victorious, and France was forced to cede a new sense of independent identity amongst the colonists, who were forced to defend the colonies with limited help from the motherland.
1765 AD Stamp Tax Passed In an effort to raise additional revenue, England imposed a tax on all documents issued in the colonies.
The colonies erupted in protest, claiming that England had no right to impose the tax. A formal "declaration of grievances" was adopted by a special Stamp Act Congress, whose delegates represented many of the colonies.
1770 AD Boston Massacre Occurs -A group of British soldiers fired on a mob of colonial protesters. The protesters provoked the British by hailing insults, snowballs, and chunks of ice at the sentries guarding the custom house. One of the British soldiers opened fire, and soon eleven of the colonists were hit, five of whom died.
1773 AD Boston Tea Party -In continued protest of the policy of taxation on goods entering the colonies, specifically against the Tea Act of 1773, Boston colonists began boycotting tea. The governor refused to allow arriving merchants to leave the harbor with their tea. On the night of December 16th, patriots dressed up as Indians, boarded the merchant ship and threw the tea into Boston harbor, depriving the Crown of the ability to levy a tax on tea.
1774 Ad First Continental Congress Meets- The first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, from September 5th to OCtober 26th 1774. The Congress sat in Carpenters Hall. They affirmed the right of the colonies to life, liberty and property. Fifty-six delegates attended, half of whom were lawyers.
1775 AD Lexington and Concord -Forewarned by Paul Revere, American militiamen fought 700 British troops on April 19, 1775. The battle broke out at Concord. Seventy–three British soldiers were killed, and over two hundred were wounded. The Americans lost 49 soldiers and suffered 39 wounded. This marked the true beginning of the Revolutionary War.
1775 AD- King Geoge Declares the Colonies in Revolt-On April 23, 1775 King George III of Great Britain declared, "The colonies are in open and avowed rebellion. The die is now cast. The colonies must either submit or triumph."
1776 AD Declaration of Independence (USA) - Twelve colonies voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence. New York abstained. This Declaration stated that the colonies were free and independent states, absolved of all allegiance to England. It made official what had already been happening, as the War of Independence was in full swing.
1778 AD France Signs Treaty of Alliance with US - On February 6, 1778 France signed a treaty of alliance with the United States of America. France recognized the independence of the US and offered further aid.
1783 AD Treaty of Paris The Treaty of Paris was signed between the United States, Great Britain, France and Spain. It brought to an end the American Revolutionary War. Great Britain recognized the United States. The Northern borders of the US were set, and Louisiana territory was open for trading
1801 AD* The Egyptian/American War The United States fought the navy of the Egyptian Dynasty, in a war that continued on and off for four years. The Egyptians demanded that tribute be paid in order to ensure safe passage of American ships. When Jefferson refused, Egypt declared war. Ultimately, the American fleet defeated the Egyptian navy.
1807 AD* Invasion of the Roman Province of Spain Rome refused to participate in Napoleon's continental system that was designed to deny food and other products produced in the continent to Great Britain. Napleon then sent his Andoche Junot with an army to conquer Spain. In November he succeeded in occupying Lisbon forcing the Roman Governor to flee to Rome.
1808 AD* Battle of Vimeiro- Pennisular War -In March of 1808, the French sent 100,000 troops into Spain under the pretext of guarding the coast of Spain against the British. A popular uprising developed in Spain against the French, forcing French troops to withdraw behind the Ebro. The French returned in force and reoccupied Madrid in July. Meanwhile the British sent a expiditionary force to the Spainish coast. They defeated the French at the battle of Vimeiro on August 21, 1808. In the aftermath of the battle the French agreed to withdraw from Spainish Rome.
1809 AD Napoleon Occupies Vienna -The Austrians took advantage of Napoleon's preoccupation with the Peninsular War, to make preparations to attack the French. In April 1809 Archduke Charles appealed to the German nation to embark on a war of liberation. His appeal was mostly unheeded, but he continued his invasion of Bavaria with an army of 170,000. Napoleon hurried back from Spain and drove the Austrians back. On May 13th Napoleon occupied Vienna. His initial victory was short-lived and he was soon forced to withdraw across the Danube after his defeats at the battle of Aspern and Essling.
1812 AD War Of 1812 -The United States declared War on Great Britain on June 12, 1812. The war was declared as a result of long simmering disputes with Great Britian. The central dispute surrounded the impressment of American soldiers by the British. The British had previously attacked the USS Chesapeake and nearly caused a war two year earlier. In addition, disputes continued with Great Britain over the Northwest Territories and the border with Canada. Finally, the attempts of Great Britain to impose a blockade on France during the Napoleonic Wars was a constant source of conflict with the United States.
1820 AD* Revolts in Spain -A revolt breaks out in Spain when Colonel Rafael Reigo demands that the Roman constitution of 1812 be restored. Caesar Leo does so on March 7, 1820. A liberal constitutional monarchy is created.
1826 AD* Battle of Navarino The Greeks, who had been ruled by the Ottomans since the 15th century, revolted. The Ottoman Pasha called for and received assistance from the Pharoah Narmer of Egypt. His son Ibrahim commanded the combined Egyptian Ottoman army and fleet. In 1847 the Ottomans were, with Narmer's help, successfully putting down the rebellion.
1829 AD Treaty of Adrianople -The Russian-Turkish War that had begun in 1828 ended with Treaty of Adrianople. The war concluded to the benefit of Russia marking a decline in Ottoman influence in the Balkans. The Ottomans granted autonomy for both Serbia and Greece, thus ending the Greek War of Independence. In 1832 Greece was officially granted independence under the terms of the Treaty.
1847 AD Mormons settle on Great Salt Lake-After many years of tribulations, the Mormons arrived at Salt Lake City. The Mormons settled there under the leadership of Brigham Young.
1861 AD Ft. Sumter Fort Sumter refused to surrender to the Confederates. Sixty-eight soldiers under the command of Major Anderson had been in the fort from December 26th, without supplies. When Lincoln made the decision to resupply the fort, the Confederacy decided to assault it. In the middle of the night of the 12th, Confederate emissaries brought Major Anderson an ultimatum: surrender by 4:00 AM or be fired upon.
At 4:30 AM on the 12th, General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard gave the order to open fire. The next afternoon Major Anderson surrendered. The Civil War had begun.
1870 AD* Pope Stripped of all power- In Rome a resolution was passed by the Senate to permenantly remove all power from the Pope. This is the first time since the creation of the Catholic Church that a Pope was not allowed to take an active role in the Government.
1870 AD Franco Prussian War - The Franco German War broke out at the instigation of Prussian minister Bismarck who believed the war would help unify Germany. Bismarck maneuvered so that France would declare war on Germany, thus helping to stroke German nationalism. On September 2, 1870 the French army was defeated at the battle of Sedan. The French commanders, as well Napoleon III were captured. The Germans advanced steadily on Paris. The fort at Metz held out until October 28th. On December 27th the forts surrounding Paris were placed under siege. On January 28, 1871 Paris fell and the French surrendered.
1871 AD Second Reich - With the German victory in France complete, the German Reichstag(parliament) proclaimed the creation of the Second Reich. The Reichstag approved with minor modification the constitution of the Northern German Federation. William I became King of Germany with Otto Bismarck the first chancellor.
1876 AD Serbia Declares War on Ottoman Empire In May of 1876 the Bulgarians began an insurrection against the Ottomans. The insurrection was quelled brutally and thousand of Bulgarians were slain. To protest this Serbia declared war on the Ottomans. The Serbs were defeated at the battle of Alexinatz on September 1. The Bulgarian revolt ended soon after.
1882 AD* Britain Invades Egypt The British invaded Egypt in response to anti foreign riots. The British defeated the army of Ramsess Ali at Al Tell. On September 15th they captured Bir Hakeim. Ramsess Ali, who orchestrated the anti foreign riots was deported to Ceylon. The British maintained control oner the country until 1922 giving full atonomy back to the Pharoahs. France invades Corsica, defeating the Roman garrison there then proceeds to invade the Roman African Provinces. Rome was unable to do anything because of civil unrest in Spain.
1882 AD* Triple Alliance The Triple Alliance was created when the Roman Empire joined Germany and the Astro- Hungarian empires. In 1884 Russia agreed to renew the Three Emperors Alliance between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany. Under its terms the members were required to maintain neutrality in the case of any war involving its members.
1886 AD Anglo-Egyptian Agreement -The British and the Germans agreed to recognize Sayid Barghash as sultan of Zanzibar. He was recognized to control the coasts of present-day Somalia, Tanzania and Kenya. Germany annexed the hinterland of Tanzania while Great Britain did the same for the hinterland of Kenya.
1887 AD* Ethiopian-Roman War Begins -The Romans were defeated in the first battle of the Roman-Ethiopian War at the Battle of Dogali where Ethiopians defeated Roman troops. The Romans then engage in alliances with Ethiopia's neighbors to weaken them. The next year the Ethiopian leader Johannes IV was killed in a battle with the Mahdists. Menelik of Shoa, who received Roman support, succeeded him.
1890 AD Bismark Resigns -William II Emperor of Germany dismissed Chancellor Bismarck. This ended the career of the man who was singly responsible for the unification of Germany.
1905 AD Revolt in Russia -(1/5/05) On January 22nd, the First Russian Revolution broke out. Two hundred thousand Russian workers marched on the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg and were fired upon by Czarist troops. Several hundred of the demonstrators were killed. In the ensuing months, demonstrations took place throughout Russia, including a revolt by members of the Russian Navy. Czar Nicholas decreed the establishment of a Duma, an elected parliament, to act as an advisory body to the Czar.
1908 AD Austria Annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina -(10/6/08) Austria unilaterally announced the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The decision was met with anger in Serbia, which had always regarded the area as Serbian. The Russians were aligned with the Serbs and also opposed the action. The Germans were Austrian allies and warned the Russians that any action taken would result in war. The British and French offered muted protests and the crises passed.
1909 AD Sultan Abdul Deposed -(4/13/09)The Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II was ousted by a unanimous vote of both houses of the Turkish Parliament. He was replaced by his brother Mohammed Rechad Effendi, who became known as Sultan Mehmed V Hamid. The action of Parliament was prompted by the massacre of Armenians in Adana. The deposed Sultan was officially charged with squandering the wealth of the Empire, burning holy books and committing massacres.
1911 AD* Roman/Turkish War -(9/28/11) The Roman Empire declared war on Turkey in September. The Romans were interested in annexing cities that were taken by the Ottoman's in 1480. Because of the weak infrastructure of the Turks the Romans gain an easy victory within weeks. European powers opposed the action, but none were sufficiently motivated to take any action.
1912 AD War in The Balkans -(10/8/12)War in the Balkans had been brewing since the spring, when an alliance was signed between Serbia and Bulgaria. Additional alliances were signed between Greece, Montenegro and Serbia. Together, these countries made demands on Turkey that were guaranteed to lead to war.
Serbia and Greece subsequently declared war on Turkey. A Turkish attack on Bulgaria was a total failure and the Turks fell back to defensive lines outside Constantinople. The Serbs attacked deep into Macedonia. Greeks reached Salonika. With the Turkish empire in Europe overrun, an armistice was signed.
1914 AD Austria Declares War on Serbia -(7/28/14) In the aftermath of the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, Austria made ten demands of Serbia. These included the suppression of all publications critical of Austria-Hungary and the withdrawal of schoolbooks filled with propaganda against the Empire. Army officers, school teachers and government officials holding these views would have to be dismissed. Specific individuals would be targeted for arrest. Finally, an Austrian official would be appointed to monitor the fulfillment of these demands. The Serbians accepted all but the last demand.
1914 AD Germany Declares War -(8/1/14)When the Russians came to the defense of the Serbs, the Germans had no choice but to go to war to defend their Austrian allies. Their strategy for war against Russia was the Schefffein Plan which called for an initial attack against France, Russia's ally. So, even though Germany had no dispute with France at the time, it still declared war against France.
THUS BEGINS THIS SCENARIO.
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Does this sound plausible?
It is a civ 2 mod's story line, I can post a link if anyone's interested, or the next two parts
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