An Unexpected Peace
It was a very close decision. The Cabinet of the Republican controlled presidency voted along pro/anti-war lines. A difference of 2 decided that France would accept Germany’s peace offer. Of course the President and his cabinet were not enough to decide the peace. All of France’s allies had to be informed. The United Kingdom and the United States were shocked at this development. They were not informed of this peace deal.
The English speaking nations were not completely opposed to the deal; they would both get territory out of it. However what restrained them from praising the deal was that they had expected more, and had promised more to allies who had entered the war after the start. President Theodore Roosevelt met with his own cabinet to discuss the peace deal France had accepted. America would get to keep all the territory in the Pacific it captured. What they did not like however was the fate of the Philippines. Both the UK and US had been smuggling weapons to the Filipino rebels in the southern islands in order to hold off Japan from controlling the entire country. The peace deal gave Japan the entire Philippines, when the southern Islands had little to no Japanese presence. They were wiling to accept peace, but not under these terms.
Germany’s allies also had been unaware of the deal going on. Russia in particular was surprised. Germany did not give up anything that wasn’t theirs, except Russia’s position in the Cairo Pact. General Vladimir Ulyanov was quite upset with Germany. On August 9th Russia broke off diplomatic relations with Germany out of anger. Russia withdrew its diplomats from Gent.
The Conference at Gent heated up, as diplomats tried to get a better understanding of the situation. France and Germany agreed to a cease fire, effective August 10th. At Gent the remaining members of each side; The United States, The United Kingdom, The Republic of France, and the Republic of Italy for the western alliance, and the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Two Sicily’s for the eastern alliance, would hammer out a final peace deal for Europe. The Treaty of Gent would end the war, following most of the provisions for peace offered by Germany.
. Cease of hostilities
. Alsace and Lorrain to Germany
. Thailand to be divided between France and Great Britain
. Morocco to be divided between Germany and France
. Germany withdraws from the middle east and the Cairo Pact
. The southern half of Madagascar to be given to France
. All German islands in the Pacific to be given to the nation occupying them
Russia and other countries that did not declare peace with Germany were still at war. Russia and her satellites in the Balkans and Caucuses were still at war with the western alliance along with China, Japan, Turkey, and Persia. Fighting in these areas would continue.
There were mixed reactions to the peace of Gent in October of 1911. In France there were cries of thanks and screams of bloody murder. The socialists in France were praising the government for ending this futile war being fought on behalf of the haves, while the Imperialists were outraged that they exchanged territory in continental France for territory in Africa and the Pacific.
The Republicans, who had been the most powerful political party in France since the foundation of the 2nd Republic were split. There were the conservative republicans who opposed the peace and sided with the Imperialists, and the Liberal Republicans who sided with the socialists. The Republican party would suffer greatly in the next election, losing the presidency and the Assembly. Members of the Republicans fled the party to join other parties. Some joined the Socialist Party, making it one of the two front parties.
The Imperialist party lost favor amongst the people of France after their defeat in the Sino-French war in the 1890s. The continued to exist until beginning of the great war. Near the end of the Great War they reorganized themselves as the Nationalist Party. After the war the Nationalist Party and the Socialist Party would become the two front running party, with the Republicans forming a smaller third party. The years after the war would not be kind to France. Tensions would rise between the Nationalists and the Socialists. In the 1920s this tension would explode after a highly contested election, leading to civil war.
The UK and US had been relatively untouched by the war physically at home, however returning soldiers told stories of the horrors of war, whether it be trenches in eastern France, or the jungles of the south pacific. The generation returning from the war would become known as the Shattered Generation.